What is temporary marriage, what is its ruling in Islam, is it the same as Nikah Mut'ah, what are the evidences for it from the Quran and Sunnah, and which Islamic schools of thought permit it?

Temporary marriage (mut'ah) is a marriage for a known period. It was permissible at the beginning of Islam, then its prohibition was abrogated until the Day of Judgment. The Rafidah (Shi'a) used as proof for its permissibility the Almighty's saying: ﴿So for those [wives] whom you enjoy thereby, give them their prescribed compensation﴾ [An-Nisa: 24]. However, the refutation is that the verse speaks about lawful marriage and the dowry, and it is not a proof for mut'ah. Even if its indication were accepted, it has been abrogated by the hadiths of prohibition. They also used as proof the actions of some Companions like Ibn Abbas, but this is refuted by the fact that whoever said it was permissible had not received the text of prohibition, and the Companions refuted them.