What is the ruling on someone who woke up seven minutes before the end of Fajr prayer time, and thought that there wasn't enough time for ablution and prayer, so he prayed without ablution, then performed ablution and repeated the prayer after the time had passed? And is his action considered a deliberate delay of the prayer beyond its prescribed time? And what is the criterion for deliberate delay in prayer?

Seven minutes are sufficient for performing ablution (Wudu) and catching a rak'ah before the prayer time expires. Prayer without ablution or tayammum (dry ablution) is invalid. Even if time is short, it is obligatory to perform ablution and pray, or tayammum and pray according to some scholars. Staying up late, which leads to delaying the prayer beyond its prescribed time, is forbidden, and its perpetrator incurs sin. It is obligatory to fear Allah and abandon staying up late if it causes one to miss prayers. One should also be keen on performing prayers in congregation and be proactive in asking about Islamic rulings.