Would a person be considered an apostate if he said to Satan, "I wish to enter Hell out of a desire to fight him," or if he read something written by a heretical individual who insulted Aisha and he thought that he was insulting her?

There is nothing in what you mentioned that necessitates judging yourself to be a disbeliever. Allah Almighty has pardoned His nation for what their souls whisper or تحدث (talk about/suggest) as long as they do not act upon it or speak about it. Your dislike and aversion to these thoughts are a sign of sound belief and strong faith.