What is the definition of "fusūq" (disobedience/wickedness), and what are its manifestations and forms?

Linguistically, fisq means to deviate from something or from a purpose. Terminologically, it signifies disobedience, abandoning Allah's command, and departing from His obedience. It is broader than disbelief (kufr); it encompasses both disbelief and lesser sins. In Islamic law, fisq is divided into two types:

1. Major Fisq: This is synonymous with major disbelief (kufr akbar). Its perpetrator exits Islam and will abide eternally in Hell if they die upon it, as Allah Almighty says: "Indeed, they disbelieved in Allah and His Messenger and died while they were defiantly disobedient [fāsiqūn]."

2. Minor Fisq: This is synonymous with minor disbelief (kufr asghar). It is a sin that does not negate the essence of faith from its perpetrator nor strip them of the status of Islam, as Allah Almighty says: "O you who have believed, if there comes to you a disobedient person [fāsiq] with information, investigate," and "And if you do so, then indeed, it is disobedience [fusūq] in you."

Among the manifestations of major fisq are all forms of major disbelief. Among the manifestations of minor fisq are committing major sins like adultery, drinking alcohol, and theft, or persisting in minor sins.