Is objecting to the company and demanding a salary increase, and refusing to work in usurious banks, while currently unable to find work, a sign of God’s wrath or disobedience to Him?

There is no objection to you claiming your entitlements as long as you are qualified for them. However, you must adhere to the contract signed with the company and not terminate it before its expiration. Furthermore, it is not permissible to work in interest-based (ribawi) banks except in cases of extreme necessity. You should seek lawful employment, for Allah blesses the little that is lawful and destroys the much that is unlawful. "And whoever fears Allah - He will make for him a way out" and "And whoever fears Allah - He will make for him ease in his affair."