Does a phone divorce that was issued in a moment of anger before consummating the marriage take effect, and is it permissible for the husband to reclaim the money he spent on his wife after learning of her betrayal?

What occurred was not a legally valid marriage contract, as it is void due to the absence of a guardian (wali) or witnesses. What you did by divorcing her is correct, and it is considered a dissolution (faskh) of this corrupt marriage. You do not have the right to take her back (raj'a). If the dissolution occurs before consummation (dukhul), the woman is not entitled to a dower (mahr), and you have the right to reclaim the dower or gifts that were given to her.