What is the ruling on doctors traveling abroad to study at the state's expense and then not returning to their home countries, and on their exploiting patients upon their return, and what is the ruling on the money these individuals earn after their graduation?

If the state stipulates that its scholarship students must return to work for it after completing their studies, then they are obligated to do so, fulfilling their contracts, for Muslims are bound by their conditions. The money they earn from their work is permissible for them, whether domestically or abroad, because it is wages for permissible labor. However, the state has the right to reclaim what it spent on their studies if they do not fulfill the condition. It is also permissible for the state to regulate their wages in a way that serves the public interest and prevents injustice if they collude to raise them.