Is intention a prerequisite for repentance from insulting religion, or are the Two Testimonies in the Adhan sufficient to expiate this sin?
Cursing the religion is apostasy by consensus. If an apostate gives the call to prayer (adhan) or utters the two declarations of faith (Shahadatayn), he is outwardly judged to have embraced Islam, just as an original disbeliever is judged to have embraced Islam by them; this is because the adhan is one of the distinct characteristics and rituals of the religion of Islam. The repentance of an apostate is by uttering the two declarations of faith, except for one whose apostasy was due to denying something known by necessity; in this case, in addition to the two declarations of faith, he must affirm that which he denied. His repentance is valid between him and God if it fulfills the conditions of repentance.
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