How can the rituals of Hajj be performed with severe sensitivity to sunlight that necessitates covering the head?

For a male in the state of ihram, covering his head is one of the prohibitions of ihram, and he is liable for a fidyah (expiation) whether it is due to an excuse or not. If he is bothered by the sun's rays, he is permitted to cover his head, and he owes a fidyah, but he does not incur sin as long as he is compelled to do so, based on the Almighty's saying: "But if any of you is ill or has an ailment in his head, he must pay a ransom."