Does committing the abomination of the people of Lut during a Ramadan day necessitate expiation (kaffarah) for both the perpetrator and the one upon whom it was perpetrated? Is ignorance of the expiation considered? And is penetration required for the expiation to be obligatory?

The fasting person must abstain from sexual intercourse during the daytime in Ramadan (definition). If someone does this, they are liable for the severe expiation (kaffarah (definition)), whether the intercourse was through the front or back passage, and whether the perpetrator was a man or a woman.

If the intercourse was through the back passage of a man, this is sodomy (liwaṭ), which is one of the major sins. The perpetrator is considered to have committed two major sins: sodomy and intentionally breaking the fast during the daytime in Ramadan.

The perpetrator must repent to Allah, pay the expiation, and make up for that day. If the making up of the day is delayed, then they must feed one needy person an amount of rice and similar food equivalent to half a Saa‘.

The expiation is obligatory for both the perpetrator and the one upon whom the act was committed.

Ignorance of the obligation of expiation does not waive it. So, whoever knows that the act is forbidden but is ignorant of the punishment is not excused. The excusable ignorance is ignorance that the act itself is forbidden, not ignorance of the penalties that result from it.

For the expiation to be obligatory, the glans (head of the penis) must be fully inserted into the private parts. If there was no complete insertion of the glans, or if there is doubt about it, then the expiation is not obligatory, but repentance for the forbidden act is required.