Based on scientific information confirming that yeast intoxicates dough, and that the sugar content in dough is higher than in grape juice, which means that fermented dough may be more intoxicating, and taking into consideration that previous fatwas by scholars did not address this information, and also that Arabs during the time of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, did not eat soft, leavened bread; is not bread resulting from the process of dough fermentation with yeast considered unlawful (haram)?

There is no evidence that yeast makes dough intoxicating. Even if ethyl alcohol is produced, it is consumed within the quantity of the dough and does not lead to intoxication. The Permanent Committee for Issuing Fatwas has issued a ruling permitting the sale of vinegar whose large quantity does not intoxicate. Therefore, there is no objection to using yeast in dough, as the Ummah does not agree upon error. The Mufti denied the questioner's assertion that the naming of dough as "khamir" (leavened) does not imply the use of yeast in it, and he expressed surprise at the claim that Arabs during the Prophet's time did not eat soft bread. He clarified that the narrations about the Prophet not eating refined bread relate to his asceticism and detachment from worldly pleasures, not to the prohibition of eating bread made with yeast.