What is the difference between Itqan (proficiency/mastery) and Ihkam (precision/firmness), along with evidence?
The words "iḥkām" (precision/mastery) and "itqān" (perfection/proficiency) are often explained by reference to each other. However, the root of "iḥkām" is "prevention," while the root of "itqān" is "skill" and "excellence." Thus, "itqān" is the mastery and excellence of things. It is said, "rajul taqan" (a skillful man), meaning someone proficient in things. Its origin comes from "Ibn Taqan," who was proverbially known for his skill, and then the term was applied to anyone skillful. As for "iḥkām," it means "prevention," and it has been used in the sense of perfection and authentication, because it prevents what is contrary to the intended purpose. From this, wisdom (ḥikmah) was also named "ḥikmah."
Summarized from the full answer at Ftawy · reviewed Sep 2, 2026
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