Is it permissible for those on an offshore oil rig not to pray Jumu'ah (Friday prayer) and instead pray Dhuhr (noon prayer), and to shorten their prayers during a two-week work period, under the pretext that it is not established that the Prophet (peace be upon him) shortened prayers for only four days and nights?

Friday prayer is not obligatory for workers on offshore oil rigs, nor is it valid if performed by them, because it is only incumbent upon residents of cities and villages. An oil rig is closer to a ship than to a city or village. Furthermore, they are not permitted to shorten their prayers if their stay exceeds four days, as the ruling of travel ceases with their intention to reside for that period.