Is it obligatory to seek forgiveness from a non-belligerent disbeliever for backbiting, reviling, having ill thoughts, and so forth, by analogy with a Muslim?

The issue is summarized in the ruling on backbiting a disbeliever, especially a non-belligerent one, and whether one who repents from it is required to seek their forgiveness. Scholars have not explicitly stated the necessity of seeking their forgiveness, but their general statements regarding the ruling on backbiting a Dhimmi imply it, because a Dhimmi is like a Muslim in terms of being protected from harm. Al-Ghazali mentioned that backbiting a Muslim is forbidden due to causing harm, belittling God's creation, and wasting time. As for a Dhimmi, they are like a Muslim in terms of being protected from harm, because the Sharia protects their honor, blood, and property. In the event of inability to seek their forgiveness, it is recommended to supplicate for their guidance or for worldly good, such as abundant wealth and the like, along with repentance, but without supplicating for their forgiveness.