Suhoor and Iftar

• Is there a specific supplication for the pre-dawn meal (suhoor), or is the intention sufficient?
• What are the Sunan of fasting?
• Is qada' (making up the fast) or kaffarah (expiation) obligatory for someone who drank water for suhoor after the time for imsak (stopping eating and drinking) due to ignorance of it, while completing the fast for that day, and is there a sin upon him?
• Is it permissible to fast on Mondays and Thursdays without partaking in the suhoor due to an inability to wake up for it?
• What are the times for Iftar and Suhoor and the duration of fasting in Ramadan in Scandinavian countries where the daytime is either extremely long or extremely short?