What is the ruling on looking at pictures of male and female genitalia for the purpose of knowledge, understanding, and preparing for the future?

The Sharia (definition) has closed all doors leading to the temptation of each gender by the other, enjoining lowering the gaze, guarding the private parts, and covering the 'awrah (intimate parts). The viewing of the severe 'awrah is not permissible except out of dire necessity, such as for medical treatment.

Looking at an image takes the same ruling as looking at the original in terms of temptation and incitement of desire. It is not permissible except out of dire necessity, such as in the necessity of study and specialization, and the viewing must be restricted to the extent of the need. As for obtaining information through mere reading without looking at pictures, the Sharia does not prohibit it, provided that the writings are reliable scientific texts devoid of incitement and arousal of instincts.