Why do people pray in Makkah on Friday far from Maqam Ibrahim, despite Allah Almighty's saying: "And take you (all) the Maqam (place) of Ibrahim (Abraham) as a place of prayer (for some of your prayers, e.g. two Rak'at after the Tawaf of the Ka'bah)"?

The characteristic mentioned in the question might be an organizational measure by those in charge of the Haram (definition). The verse mentioned specifically pertains to the two rak'ahs of Tawaf (definition) only, and not every prayer, just as the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, prayed the two rak'ahs of Tawaf behind the Maqam. There is no additional virtue for performing other prayers at the Maqam rather than elsewhere in the Haram. Therefore, there is no objection to performing the Friday prayer in the manner described, knowing that the Maqam was moved to expand the circumambulation area (Mataf).