What is the ruling on a woman in postpartum bleeding (Nafsa’) giving the Adhan in her newborn daughter’s ear because the father is unable to do so, and what is the expiation for that? Is it obligatory for the father to give the Adhan in his newborn's ear immediately upon birth, and what is the expiation for delaying the Adhan for an hour after birth?

It is from the Sunnah (definition) to call the Adhan (definition) in the ear of the newborn, and it is recommended for the father to do so. Scholars have differed regarding a woman calling the Adhan: some disliked it, some prohibited it, and some permitted it if she did not raise her voice. There is no expiation (kaffara) upon a woman for calling the Adhan while in her postnatal period (nifas (definition)), as purity is not a condition for the Adhan. There is no expiation upon the father for not calling the Adhan, because he merely omitted a recommended act. He did well by not entering upon the women if they were not veiled, or even touching them upon entering.