What is the ruling concerning the days on which a woman experiences brown or reddish discharge before and after her menstrual period, and is she obligated to fast and pray during these days, especially in Ramadan?

The summary of what we lean towards is that yellowish and brownish discharges (ṣufra and kudrah) before menstruation are not considered menstruation; rather, they fall under the ruling of istihada (non-menstrual bleeding). As for yellowish and brownish discharges after the cessation of menstruation, if they are connected to the blood before seeing purity (ṭuhr), they are considered menstruation. However, if they appear after seeing purity, they fall under the rulings of istihada. The general rule is that anything seen after certain purity, whether it is brownish discharge, yellowish discharge, a spot, or moisture, is not menstruation. Nevertheless, a woman must not rush until she sees purity.