Is it possible to summarize the understanding of tribulation ( ابتلاء) and temptation ( فتنة) as follows: that the evils and pains afflicting a person are always a result of their shortcomings or sins, and that the purpose of this is purification, expiation of sins, and elevation of ranks, taking into consideration that the trial of the righteous might be more severe also due to their shortcomings, based on Quranic verses such as: "Whatever good befalls you is from Allah, and whatever ill befalls you is from yourself" and "And whatever disaster strikes you – it is because of what your hands have earned, and He pardons much"?

It is not correct to limit the cause of calamities solely to sins, as this does not align with reality and does not encompass all evidence. Every individual should view their calamity as a result of their sins and shortcomings, but it is not correct to generalize this to everyone. For prophets — who are the most afflicted of people — and some believers are tested to elevate their ranks with Allah, not due to their sins. Similarly, those not held accountable, such as children and the insane, are afflicted with calamities, and this is not due to sins. Calamities have multiple wisdoms and diverse causes; they may be for elevating ranks, expiating evil deeds, or a hastened punishment due to disobedience, and their ruling varies depending on the state of the servant. A calamity may also befall the infallible.