What is the ruling on sharecropping in the following cases: 1. The landowner is responsible for the machine rental, and the other party is responsible for the seeds (wheat or barley) and half of the harvesting costs? 2. The landowner handles all aspects of plowing and harvesting, then all expenses are calculated and the profit is divided equally? 3. The landowner is responsible for the well, irrigation equipment, and manual labor, and the other party is responsible for the seeds, while electricity, medicine, plowing, and harvesting costs are divided equally?

The aforementioned sharecropping (muzara'ah) is valid, and it does not matter that the seeds are provided by the worker. The provision of machinery is the responsibility of the landowner. As for the fuel for the machinery, it could be the responsibility of either the landowner or the worker, but the most likely opinion is that it is the worker's responsibility, unless they agree or custom dictates otherwise, based on the Prophet's (peace be upon him) saying: "Muslims are bound by their conditions." What is required of each party in the work must be specified. In the second scenario, if the worker and the landowner agree to share the cost of plowing and harvesting, there is no harm. As for the last scenario, it is not valid according to the majority of scholars, because it is a lease of the land for a portion of its produce. The Sharia (definition)-compliant solution is for the owner of the seeds to rent the land for a known amount, or for the landowner to buy the seeds and cultivate the land himself.