How did the Islamic world expand in Africa?

The conquest of Egypt occurred during the reign of Umar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, and it served as a base for the conquest of North Africa. The conquest of the Maghreb began during the reign of Uthman ibn Affan, may Allah be pleased with him, in the year 27 AH, led by Abdullah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh, who conquered the city of Sbeitla, which led to the Battle of Dhat al-Sawari.

Later, Muawiyah dispatched an army led by Muawiyah ibn Hudayj al-Kindi. Then, Uqbah ibn Nafi' al-Fihri took over the conquests in Africa and founded the city of Kairouan in the year 50 AH.

After Uqbah, the conquest continued under Abu al-Muhajir Dinar, and then Uqbah once again in his second governorship, reaching Tangier.

Islam spread across Africa in three years, from Libya to the Atlantic Ocean, thanks to faith and sincerity, astonishing historians.

Subsequently, the conquest was completed by Zuhair ibn Qays al-Balawi and Hassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani, who initiated the idea of conquering Al-Andalus, which was achieved by Musa ibn Nusayr and Tariq ibn Ziyad.

The region became Arabized and Islam settled there due to the migrations of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym.

Islam penetrated into sub-Saharan Africa through several routes: Bab al-Mandab and the Red Sea, southern Egypt, and the Maghreb, in addition to the prominent role of Muslim traders in spreading Islam through trade routes.