Can one travel through space (teleport) and reach the farthest point in the universe, and what is the relation of that to verses 33 of Surat Ar-Rahman and 13 of Surat Al-Jathiyah?

Instantaneous human teleportation cannot be conceived through scientific or technological means. Rather, it may occur as a miracle or a divine favor (karamah), as in the story of the Queen of Sheba's throne with the Prophet Sulaiman (Solomon).

And the verses about "subjugation" (tas-khir) do not imply human control, but rather God's creation of things for the benefit of humanity.

As for the verse: "O company of jinn and mankind, if you are able to penetrate the regions of the heavens and the earth, then penetrate. You will not penetrate except with authority [from Allah]," its meaning is the negation of the ability to penetrate except with power. It is an address in the Hereafter, signifying the inability of jinn and mankind to escape God's decree and authority.