Is it permissible for a teacher to sell his own book, which includes the curriculum, to his students, while prohibiting them from copying it, and is it permissible for the student to make one personal copy of it?

If a teacher explains the curriculum and then authors an independent book and offers it for sale, the fundamental ruling is permissibility. What he takes as payment for his authorship is a separate act. As for a student photographing a copy of another student's book, this falls under the ruling of copyright. If it is for commercial purposes, it is not permissible due to the harm it inflicts upon the rights holder. However, if it is a single copy for personal use, there is no objection to it.