What is the controlling factor regarding the impediments to declaring a specific individual an infidel (such as ignorance, coercion, forgetfulness, and misinterpretation) that some may excessively broaden, to the extent that it prevents declaring someone who commits explicit acts of disbelief—like praying in a church, wearing a cross, or prostrating to an idol—a disbeliever, under the pretext that the hujjah has not been established against him?

There are apparent acts that are considered major disbelief by consensus, such as prostrating to an idol and insulting the Messenger, and these acts necessitate disbelief in belief. The principle is to judge by what is apparent, as outward actions are evidence of what is within. A distinction must be made between actions that can only be disbelief, and those that may be disbelief or something else, and those for which an excuse of ignorance or misinterpretation may apply. The establishment of proof (iqamat al-hujjah) for excommunicating a specific individual is not a condition in matters that are known by necessity to be part of the religion.