What are the acceptable conditions for interpretation based on opinion (Tafsir bi al-Ra'y) and what are the divisions of interpretation based on tradition (Tafsir bi al-Ma'thur)?

When scholars use the term "interpretation based on opinion" (التفسير بالرأي), they mean ijtihad (independent reasoning), and this ijtihad must be based on four fundamental principles: narration from the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him), adopting the saying of a Companion, relying on the Arabic language, and considering what the wording necessitates and what the law of Sharia indicates. Interpretation based on opinion that adheres to these principles is permissible and commendable.

As for "interpretation based on tradition" (التفسير بالمأثور), it includes what is stated in the Qur'an and Sunnah, and what is narrated from the Companions. The sayings of the Tabi'in (successors) have been included within interpretation based on tradition due to their significance, as some scholars consider them to be in the category of interpretation based on opinion, while others view them as part of traditional interpretation, and they are included in books of traditional exegesis.

One must be wary of rashly approaching the interpretation of the Qur'an with ignorance of the laws of language or Sharia, or forcing it to conform to corrupt doctrines, or delving into matters whose knowledge Allah alone possesses, or definitively asserting Allah's intent without proof, or following whims and subjective preferences.