When did Allah Almighty raise Christ (peace be upon him)? Was it before he was handed over to the Jews or shortly before the crucifixion, especially since he endured insults on his way to the crucifixion?

The Jews did not kill Jesus (peace be upon him), nor did they crucify him. Rather, Allah saved him and raised him before they could reach him, and the resemblance fell upon someone else whom they then crucified. The status of prophethood does not contradict tribulation. Indeed, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was asked, "Who among people are most severely tested?" He replied, "The prophets, then the righteous, then the next best." The prophets were indeed tested and harmed, and some of them were killed, such as Zechariah and John (peace be upon them both).