Is the lineage of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, known all the way back to our master Adam, and approximately how long is the period separating them, and is it known where our master Adam descended geographically?

The lineage of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, back to Adnan is firmly established and authentic. As for the period between the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and Adam, its exact duration or estimation has not been determined. There is no great benefit in knowing that.