What is the ruling on a menstruating woman sitting in the courtyards of the Prophet’s Mosque among the worshippers during prayer, and is it permissible for her to seclude herself in a part of the courtyard to listen and say "Ameen" to the Imam's supplication?

The courtyards attached to the mosque do not share its rulings, so buying and selling are not forbidden in them, nor is the stay of a menstruating woman, nor is Iʿtikāf (spiritual retreat) prescribed in them. This is because their design differentiates them from the mosque building, and for the following reasons:

The presence of lockers for rent in them. If they were part of the mosque, renting them would be forbidden. They are similar to the courtyards built behind the Masaa (area for Sa'i) in the Grand Mosque in Makkah, where people enter from them to the Masaa and then to the mosque. It is known that a menstruating woman is permitted to perform Sa'i between Safa and Marwa by consensus. The Prophet, peace be upon him, ordered menstruating women performing Iʿtikāf to be moved from the mosque to its courtyard (raḥabah), which indicates that the courtyard is not part of the mosque. Some scholars explicitly stated that the mosque's courtyard is not part of it. Umar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, built a courtyard for the mosque called "Al-Batha'a" for noise and recitation, which indicates a difference in its ruling from the mosque. The courtyards outside the mosque's fence do not have its rulings, even if they are part of its facilities. For example, one may relieve oneself there. Rooms attached to prayer halls do not have the ruling of a mosque if they are outside its fence.

While it is permissible for a menstruating woman to stay in these courtyards, she is forbidden from sitting among the worshippers and should withdraw from the prayer area, just as a menstruating woman does in the Eid prayer area, for fear of contamination or disrupting the straightening of the rows.