Will the Caliphate that is upon the Prophetic methodology at the End of Times be at the hands of the Awaited Mahdi, or before it, or after it? And how is the Caliphate of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz classified within the period of the tyrannical kingship, if the first Caliphate upon the Prophetic methodology ended with the Caliphate of Al-Hasan ibn Ali?

The best period for the caliphate, according to the prophetic methodology, was during the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. This was followed by periods of biting and oppressive rule, such as the reigns of Yazid ibn Mu'awiya, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, and al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, which witnessed unfortunate events like the martyrdom of al-Husayn, the invasion of Medina and Mecca, and the martyrdom of Companions and Tabi'in. Then came Sulaiman ibn Abd al-Malik for a short period, followed by Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, who was truly considered a Rightly Guided Caliph. Many imams have affirmed that he was a Rightly Guided Caliph. This is indicated by what Imam Ahmad narrated from the hadith of Hudhayfah from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), who said: "Prophethood will remain among you for as long as Allah wills it to remain. Then Allah will raise it up. Then there will be a caliphate according to the prophetic methodology, and it will remain for as long as Allah wills it to remain. Then Allah will raise it up. Then there will be a biting kingdom for as long as Allah wills it to remain. Then when Allah wills to raise it up, then there will be a caliphate according to the prophetic methodology." When Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz assumed power, a man entered upon him and recounted this hadith, and he was pleased and delighted by it. Ibn Kathir indicated that the prophecy referred to the rule of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, and Al-Suyuti stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz is the fifth of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. Sufyan al-Thawri mentioned the five caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz.