What is the concept of public funds in the modern era, and what is a Muslim's duty towards them?

The website does not prepare research papers or answer competition questions. To define public funds (Mal al-Am), it is any wealth that Muslims are entitled to, but its owner among them is not specifically designated, such as Zakat, Fay’ (spoils of war taken without battle), one-fifth of war booty, one-fifth of what is extracted from the earth, minerals, Rikaz (buried treasure), gifts that carry a suspicion of bribery, taxes for the benefit of the populace, inheritances of those who have no heirs, fines, and confiscations. The Bayt al-Mal (Public Treasury) is responsible for safeguarding these funds and disbursing them to their designated recipients. It also maintains a record to track income, expenditures, and disbursements. For rulings on taking public funds unlawfully, please refer to Fatwas 37224 and 95763.