Is the new job, with its high income and long working hours, which has negatively affected acts of worship such as prayer and reading the Qur’an, considered a trial from Allah and a failure in the test?

Your feeling of shortcoming is a good sign, and a Muslim should be balanced in his life. It is not permissible for him to take on work that leads to missing obligations or distracts him from Allah. Congregational prayer is obligatory according to the stronger opinion, but there are excuses that permit not attending it, such as guarding or a need for livelihood. If you can avoid the prohibitions in your second job, that is good; otherwise, return to your first job if it is sufficient for you.