Is it possible to mend the relationship with Allah, adhere to the obligatory and supererogatory acts of worship, and attain His pleasure, given the difficulty of performing congregational prayers in the mosque at their prescribed early times due to the nature of one's work? And is it obligatory to leave one's job for the sake of prayer, or should one begin by rectifying what is currently feasible?

You are not obliged to leave your job. Congregational prayer is not obligatory at the very beginning of its time, nor is the mosque a condition for performing it. So, you can pray whenever you are able. The best is to pray in the mosque at the beginning of the time. Otherwise, pray in congregation with your colleagues at any time. Maintain the obligatory prayers and perform the easy supererogatory ones. Adhere to the remembrance of Allah, strive in supplicating for steadfastness, associate with the righteous, and acquire beneficial knowledge so that you may draw closer to Allah with clear insight.