How can one overcome laziness and excessive sleep to achieve goals, and is there a supplication or advice to improve this condition?

You must seek assistance from Allah and fear Him by following His commands and abstaining from His prohibitions. This will create a way out for you and provide for you from where you do not expect. You must perform prayers at their appointed times and increase in supererogatory acts. Set a goal to strengthen your resolve, and let it be seeking Allah's pleasure, along with frequent remembrance of Allah and reading the supplications of the Prophet, peace be upon him, including: "O Allah, I seek refuge in You from anxiety and sorrow, and helplessness and laziness, and stinginess and cowardice, and the burden of debt, and being overpowered by men." You must also perform night prayers (Qiyam al-Layl), for it increases activity and removes the knots of Satan that cause laziness.