Is it permissible for a pregnant woman to break her fast out of fear for the fetus, and is she then required to make up the fast (qada') or offer expiation (fidya)?

A pregnant or breastfeeding woman is permitted to break her fast if she fears harm to herself or her child. Scholars differ regarding what is incumbent upon them: 1. Fidyah (expiatory feeding) only: This is the opinion of Ibn Abbas and Ibn Umar, who equated the pregnant and breastfeeding woman with the sick person whose recovery is not expected, citing the verse: "{And upon those who are able to fast, but with difficulty, a ransom of feeding a poor person}" [Quran 2:184]. 2. Qada (making up the fast) only: This is the opinion of the four Imams, based on the verse: "{[Fasting for] a limited number of days. So whoever among you is ill or on a journey [during them] - then an equal number of other days [must be made up]}" [Quran 2:184]. They considered them similar to a sick person whose recovery is expected. 3. Qada and feeding: This is the opinion of Al-Shafi'i and Ahmad, and it is the most cautious and absolving for one's responsibility, especially if the breaking of the fast was due to fear for the fetus. A "mudd" of wheat or half a "sa'" of other staples should be given for each day.

Summary of Al-Muwaffaq's words in Al-Mughni: If they fear for themselves: They break the fast and are only required to make up the fast (there is no disagreement on this). If they fear for their child: They break the fast and are required to make up the fast and feed one poor person for each day (this is the madhhab of Al-Shafi'i and Ibn Umar). Others, like Abu Hanifa, disagreed, holding the view of qada only, citing the hadith that lifts the obligation of fasting from pregnant and breastfeeding women without mentioning expiation. Others believe that a pregnant or breastfeeding woman is not like an elderly person who cannot make up the fast, but rather like a menstruating or postpartum woman in the obligation of qada. The amount of feeding: A "mudd" of wheat or half a "sa'" of dates or barley, which is what Ahmad held.