Is Friday Prayer obligatory for someone who works in roof construction in Moscow, faces objections from colleagues and time constraints, and is sometimes detained by the police for document verification?

You must go to the mosque for the Friday prayer as long as you are a resident in the city, unless you have a legitimate, recognized Sharia (definition) excuse. Your going alone, or the police stopping you to check your documents, is not an excuse for missing it. However, if they stop you and you miss Jumu'ah because of that, then you are excused and you must pray it as Dhuhr. Similarly, work is not an excuse; Allah commanded leaving work and going to Jumu'ah upon hearing its call, as He Almighty said: "O you who have believed, when [the adhan (definition)] is called for the prayer on the day of Jumuʿah, then proceed to the remembrance of Allah and leave trade. That is better for you, if you only knew." (Al-Jumu'ah: 9). Then He commanded seeking sustenance in the land after the prayer, as He Almighty said: "And when the prayer has been concluded, disperse through the land and seek from the bounty of Allah, and remember Allah often that you may succeed." (Al-Jumu'ah: 11). You must advise your colleagues and warn them against missing Jumu'ah without a legitimate Sharia excuse.