What are the types of Quranic exegesis mentioned by Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, including those that no one is excused for being ignorant of, and what do they mean, and what are their examples?

Interpretation is of four types:

1. Lawful and unlawful, of which no one is excused for being ignorant: This refers to what is readily understood from the texts that include religious laws and proofs of Tawhid (Oneness of God), such as the meaning of "there is no god but Allah" and "establish prayer and give zakat."

2. Interpretation that Arabs understand with their tongues: This refers to matters of language and grammar. The interpreter must know the meanings of the language, and the reader and interpreter must learn grammar if its variation changes the meaning.

3. Interpretation that none knows save Allah: This falls under the category of the unseen, such as the knowledge of the Hour, the soul, and the disconnected letters (in the Quran). There is no way to interpret it except through a [divine] text.

4. Interpretation that scholars interpret: This is predominantly referred to as ta’wil (exegesis) and requires ijtihad (independent reasoning), deriving rulings, clarifying general statements, and specifying general provisions. It is not permissible for non-scholars to engage in ijtihad regarding it.