What is the ruling on the action of a father who prevented his adult son from going out at night with his friends out of fear for him, and the action of the son who abandoned his father because of that?

You have done well in guiding your son regarding the seriousness of staying up late and missing the Fajr prayer. If the phrase "You are never convinced" was uttered by him towards you, he has indeed done wrong and fallen into disobedience ( 'uquq ), especially if he has cut ties with you, stopped speaking to you, or replying to your messages. A son at this age needs a specific approach in communication and guidance.