What is the ruling regarding an individual of unknown status in non-Muslim lands, and is it related to disavowal of non-believers, and what is the ruling regarding one who withholds judgment concerning them?

If the questioner, by "person of unknown status," means someone who has uttered the two testimonies (Shahadatayn), or prayed the Muslim prayer, or outwardly manifested Islam, then this person is a Muslim, and their Islam is affirmed. Hesitation in this regard is an innovation (bid'ah).

Signs of a person's Islam: 1. It is known that one or both of their parents were Muslim before their maturity. 2. They utter the two testimonies. 3. They are seen praying in Muslim mosques. 4. They say: "I am a Muslim."

A Muslim residing in a land of disbelief (Dar al-Kufr) has their blood and property protected by virtue of their Islam, whether they entered it with permission or without permission. The majority of scholars hold that a Muslim's blood and property are protected merely by their embracing Islam, wherever they may be, due to the Prophet's (peace be upon him) saying: "I have been commanded to fight the people until they testify that there is no god but Allah, and believe in me and what I have brought. If they do that, they have protected their blood and their wealth from me, except for what is rightfully due, and their reckoning is with Allah." The Hanafis differed on this point.