Can modern technologies such as television cameras, recording devices, and medical analysis tools be used as a substitute for the testimony of four witnesses in proving crimes of adultery and rape, and as a substitute for witnesses in other crimes like theft?

Modern technical means cannot be used as evidence to prove adultery, due to the possibility of forgery and alteration of facts, and because Sharia has stipulated four witnesses to prove adultery, in order to protect honor. It is not permissible to deviate from this. Furthermore, their use requires espionage, which is forbidden by Sharia. As for other crimes, such as theft, the matter is less severe, but these devices do not provide certainty; rather, they are circumstantial evidence that strengthens the accusation, and no Sharia-prescribed punishment (had) can be established based on them.