Is it considered gloating to call a sick person who cannot move "disabled," and will the person who says it be afflicted, and is it necessary to ask the patient for forgiveness, especially since the statement was made in anger and repentance and seeking forgiveness have occurred?

The phrase you uttered is not considered gloating, because it was spoken out of anger, not intentionally. Therefore, you are not blameworthy, and there is no need to ask for forgiveness. For the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "Indeed, Allah has forgiven my Ummah for their mistakes, their forgetfulness, and what they are forced to do."