Is it permissible to perform the Friday prayer in a prayer room inside a factory instead of the Grand Mosque, especially since some believe it is impermissible on the grounds that they are not residents of the place?

The default is the obligation to attend Friday prayer, as Allah Almighty says: "O you who have believed, when [the adhan] is called for the prayer on the day of Friday, then proceed to the remembrance of Allah and leave trade. That is better for you, if you only knew." However, if attending Friday prayer will cause harm to the factories, then you have a dispensation to forgo it and pray Dhuhr, because among the conditions for Friday prayer, according to some scholars, is that it must be established in the built-up area of the town. And those who did not stipulate that condition stipulated that the considered number [of attendees] must be permanent residents, not temporary residents.