How did Muslims arrive at these sciences - which the Prophet, peace be upon him, did not teach - and how did this civilizational leap in sciences and cultures occur for them?

Muslims made a great civilizational leap due to the influence of the Qur'an and Sunnah on their thought and consciousness. This centrality of knowledge in Islamic culture can be explained as follows:

1. Combating Illiteracy: It began with the call to read and learn with the pen in the first verses revealed from the Qur'an, and extended to educating women and learning foreign languages. 2. Exalting the Virtue of Knowledge and Scholars: There are many sacred texts that elevate the status of knowledge and scholars and prefer them over many other deeds. 3. Building the Scientific Mindset: Sacred texts call for thinking and research based on proof and evidence, and combat speculation, superstition, and blind imitation, and condemn following whims in judgment. 4. Condemning Blind Imitation: The Qur'an condemns blind imitation of ancestors if they do not reason, and calls for ijtihad (independent reasoning) and the exercise of intellect. 5. Founding Empirical Science: Islamic thought established the inductive method based on observation and experimentation, upon which modern science relies. 6. Benefiting from the Sciences of Other Nations: Islam encourages seeking wisdom and knowledge wherever they are found, even if from non-Muslims. 7. Combating Sorcery, Astrology, and Fatalism: Sacred texts condemn these practices that paralyze the intellect and hinder work. 8. Instilling a Causal Mindset: The texts link everything to the principle of cause and effect, which supports scientific thinking and progress. 9. Knowledge as the Basis for Cultivating the Earth: Humans are vicegerents on Earth for cultivation and benevolence, and this cannot be achieved except through knowledge that reveals the laws of the universe and activates the principle of subjugation.

Indeed, the Qur'an links faith with innovation, and spirit with matter, and calls for a comprehensive civilizational movement.