Why did Allah —glory be to Him, for He knows what is in the breasts— ask Abraham, "Do you not believe," despite His knowledge of what Abraham intended?

Abraham, peace be upon him, did not doubt Allah's power to revive the dead. Rather, he asked his Lord to reassure his heart and increase his certainty by seeing how the revival would occur, for prophets are infallible and protected from doubt. The verse indicates the permissibility of asking questions to increase tranquility and certainty, and that "how" here is a question about the manner of revival, not its possibility. The Prophet's saying, "We are more deserving of doubt than Abraham," means that if doubt were possible, the Prophet, peace be upon him, would be the first to experience it, yet he is free from it. Therefore, Abraham is free from it as a matter of even greater certainty.