What are the types of tawaf around the Kaaba, and what is the ruling for each type?

There are many types of circumambulation (Tawaf) around the Kaaba: among them are Tawaf al-Ifadah (a pillar of Hajj), Tawaf al-Qudum (obligatory or a Sunnah), Tawaf al-Umrah (a pillar of Umrah), Tawaf al-Wada' (obligatory according to the soundest opinion, except for menstruating women and women in postpartum bleeding), Tawaf al-Nadhr (obligatory), and voluntary Tawaf. Each consists of seven circuits, followed by two rak'ahs of prayer behind Maqam Ibrahim or anywhere else in the Masjid.