When are the five obligatory prayers considered a make-up (qaḍāʾ) rather than a timely performance (adāʾ) according to the four madhhabs, and is every prayer performed during the necessary time by a person with no excuse considered a make-up (qaḍāʾ)?

The four Imams agree that prayer performed within its prescribed time is considered adaa' (on-time performance), and prayer performed after its time is considered qadaa' (make-up performance). Delaying prayer without a valid excuse is a sin, and making up the prayer (qadaa') is obligatory in all cases.

They differed on what constitutes performing a prayer adaa'. The majority of scholars hold that catching the takbirat al-ihram (opening takbir) within the time is sufficient, while the Malikis, a view preferred by Ibn Taymiyyah, stipulated catching a complete rak'ah.

They also differed on the "time of necessity" (waqt al-ḍarūrah). The Malikis held that delaying prayer until this time without a valid excuse is a sin. The Hanbalis held that whoever delays it until this time without a valid excuse is sinful, but their prayer is still considered adaa'. The Shafi'is do not recognize a "time of necessity" and permit praying after the sun's yellowing but before Fajr, though with slight disapproval (karaha). The Hanafis believe that performing the prayer before its time expires is permissible, but delaying it until the very end of the time is disliked (makruh) in specific situations.