Is it permissible to marry a female teacher who works in a mixed-gender environment where the niqab is prohibited, knowing that I can support the family on my own, and if I allow her to work, would I be considered a dayyuth (a man who lacks protective jealousy over his womenfolk)? What is the evidence from the Qur'an and Sunnah regarding the ruling on women's work?

The preponderant view is that it is obligatory for a woman to cover her face, especially if fitna (temptation/strife) is not safeguarded against. A woman's work is permissible if it adheres to Islamic guidelines, and your allowing her to engage in permissible work is not considered dayutha (pimping/cuckoldry). However, impermissible work due to ikhtilat (unrestricted intermingling of sexes) and the like is a form of dayutha, and you must prevent her from it. You should strive to marry a woman of religious commitment. The verses in Surat Al-Ahzab (33:32-33) are not exclusive to the wives of the Prophet (peace be upon him); rather, they are general for all women of the Ummah. There is no impediment to marrying a working woman if there is good in her, and you can prevent her from anything that involves an Islamic transgression after marriage, such as uncovering the face and ikhtilat, and instruct her to stay at home if you provide for her financially.