What is the ruling on a Muslim placing his hand on the Torah or the Gospel, or both, when taking a judicial oath before courts in non-Islamic countries if the judicial system there obliges the one swearing the oath to do so?

- It is impermissible to swear an oath by anyone other than Allah Almighty. Placing one's hand on the Mus'haf (Quran) when swearing an oath is not a prerequisite for its validity; some do it to emphasize the gravity of the oath.

- It is impermissible for a Muslim to swear an oath by the Torah or the Gospel due to their corruption and because the law of Islam has abrogated previous laws.

- If a non-Islamic judiciary compels one to swear by the Torah or the Gospel, the Muslim should request to swear by Allah or the Quran. If compelled otherwise, they are under duress, and there is no harm upon them, provided there is no intention of veneration.