What is the ruling of Islamic law on performing sex-change operations for intersex individuals (those who are born with both male and female characteristics)? What is the ruling on the doctor who performs these operations? What is the ruling on their marriage? And may they lead prayers if there are others present?

A hermaphrodite (khuntha) has two states: either their true gender, male or female, becomes clear, in which case they are treated according to their gender, or their true gender does not become clear, and they are called an "ambiguous hermaphrodite" (khuntha mushkil), in which case they are treated with the most cautious approach (al-ahwat). It is permissible for an ambiguous hermaphrodite to undergo a sex reassignment surgery if doctors deem it closer to their characteristics. As for a hermaphrodite whose gender has become clear, it is not permissible for them to do so except to remove characteristics that contradict their gender. The doctor who performs the surgery in permissible cases is not blameworthy, but in impermissible cases, their action is unlawful (haram). It is not permissible to marry an ambiguous hermaphrodite. However, it is permissible to marry them if their true gender becomes clear or if they undergo sex reassignment surgery under its conditions. When praying behind an ambiguous hermaphrodite, they are treated with the stricter ruling. If their true gender becomes clear or they undergo reassignment, they are treated according to their gender.