What is the ruling on praying while standing on a shoe placed on the ground, whether individually or in congregation, due to the absence of a prayer rug on the floor?

It is permissible to place clean shoes under the feet or to pray with them, as the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, used to pray in his clean sandals. If the shoes are not clean, they must be removed, taking care not to harm anyone with them, by placing them between one's legs or to one's left. As for not bringing shoes into mosques today, it is not because prayer in them is impermissible, but rather for fear of soiling the mosque carpets.